Beginning on $ \rm{V^6_4} $ and related chords

Example .mp3 .pdf
Schumann, “Frühlingslust”, op. 125 no. 2, mm. 1-4
Chopin, Prelude in A-flat Major, op. 28 no. 17, mm. 1-4
Schubert, “Lied der Mignon”, D. 877 no. 3, mm. 1-7
Brahms, “Die Schnur, die Perl an Perle”, op. 57 no. 7, mm. 1-7

$ \rm{V^{6-5}_{4-3}} $

Example .mp3 .pdf
Beethoven, Piano Concerto no. 2 in B-flat Major, op. 19, mvt. 2, mm. 1-3
Brahms, “Magyarisch”, op. 46 no. 2, mm. 1-7
Bruckner, Tantum Ergo no. 3, mm. 1-4
Bruckner, Tantum Ergo no. 3, mm. 22-28
Bruckner, Tantum Ergo no. 2, mm. 19-27
Brahms, “Treue Liebe dauert lange”, op. 33 no. 15, mm. 1-6
Mozart, Piano Sonata in F Major, K. 332, mvt. 1, mm. 94-109
Haydn, Violin Concerto in C Major, Hob. VIIa: 1, mm. 40-45
Haydn, Piano Sonata in G Major, Hob. XVI: 40, mvt. 1, mm. 1-4
Beethoven, Piano Trio in B-flat Major, op. 97, mvt. 3, mm. 1-8
Schumann, Kinderszenen, op. 15 no. 13 (“Der Dichter spricht”), mm. 1-4
Cherubini, Requiem in c minor, Pie Jesu, mm. 72-78
Beethoven, Piano Sonata in A-flat Major, op. 110, mvt. 2, mm. 144-158
Haydn, Piano Sonata in C Major, Hob. XVI: 7, mvt. 2, mm. 29-36
J. S. Bach, Well-Tempered Clavier, Book II, Prelude in f minor, BWV 881, mm. 1-4
Haydn, Piano Sonata in g minor, Hob. XVI: 44, mvt. 2, mm. 1-6
Tchaikovsky, Children’s Songs, op. 54 no. 5 (“Legend”), mm. 1-8
Brahms, Piano Quartet no. 1 in g minor, op. 26, mvt. 4, mm. 173-176
Brahms, "Die Trauerende", op. 7 no. 5, mm. 1-9
Mozart, “Ridente la calma”, K. 152, mm. 1-7
Mozart, Piano Sonata in c minor, K. 457, mvt. 2, mm. 1-5
Schubert, Violin Sonatina no. 3 in g minor, D. 408, mvt. 2, mm. 1-4
Mozart, Piano Concerto no. 24 in c minor, K. 491, mvt. 2, mm. 1-4
Handel, Messiah, HWV 56, Part III no. 41, mm. 1-6

Resolving to $ \rm{V^7} $

Example .mp3 .pdf
Mozart, Piano Sonata in A Major, K. 331, mvt. 1, mm. 1-8
Beethoven, Piano Sonata in G Major, op. 14 no. 2, mvt.1, mm. 166-174
Beethoven, Piano Trio in B-flat major, op. 97, mvt. 4, mm. 254-277
Beethoven, Piano Sonata in c-sharp minor, op. 27 no. 2, mvt. 2, mm. 1-16
Beethoven, Piano Sonata in c-sharp minor, op. 27 no. 2, mvt. 1, mm. 53-60
J. S. Bach, Well-Tempered Clavier, Book II, Fugue in E Major, BWV 878, mm. 42-43
Beethoven, String Quartet in D Major, op. 18 no. 3, mvt. 1, mm. 1-10
Mozart, Violin Sonata in C Major, K. 303, mvt. 2, mm. 1-4
Schubert, 36 Originaltänze, D. 365 no. 32, mm. 1-8
Brahms, "Gestillte Sehnsucht", op. 91 no. 1, mm. 32-41
Brahms, "Gestillte Sehnsucht", op. 91 no. 1, mm. 59-67

Evaded cadence ($ \rm{V^6_4-V^4_2-I^6} $)

Example .mp3 .pdf
Beethoven, Piano Sonata in A Major, op. 101, mvt. 1, mm. 67-81
Mendelssohn, Violin Concerto in E minor, op. 64, mvt. 1, mm. 485-493
Beethoven, Violin Concerto in D Major, op. 61, mvt. 1, mm. 315-321

Less typical uses

Delayed or absent fourth

Example .mp3 .pdf
Brahms, “Morgen muss ich fort von hier”, WoO 38 no. 17, mm. 11-16
J. S. Bach, Sonata no. 3 in C Major for Solo Violin, BWV 1005, mvt. 3, mm. 18-21
Beethoven, String Trio in E-flat Major, op. 3, mvt. 4, mm. 133-141
Brahms, “So wünsch ich ihr ein gute Nacht”, WoO 33 no. 18, mm. 1-8
Mozart, Piano Sonata in D Major, K. 576, mvt. 2, mm. 62-67
J. S. Bach, Well-Tempered Clavier, Book II, Prelude in D Major, BWV 874, mm. 1-5
Haydn, Piano Sonata in A Major, Hob. XVI: 12, mvt. 3, mm. 1-7
Haydn, Piano Sonata in G Major, Hob. XVI: 6, mvt. 4, mm. 1-5
Haydn, Piano Sonata in B-flat Major, Hob. XVI: 18, mvt. 2, mm. 1-8
Haydn, Piano Sonata in A Major, Hob. XVI: 5, mvt. 2, mm. 1-4
Haydn, Piano Sonata in D Major, Hob. XVI: 24, mvt. 2, mm. 1-8
Scarlatti, Keyboard Sonata in d minor, K. 77, mvt. 1, mm. 40-47
(recording with guitar transposed to g minor)

Fourth ascends

Example .mp3 .pdf
Bruckner, Tantum Ergo no. 2, mm. 13-16
Mozart, String Quartet in F Major, K. 158, mvt. 1, mm. 119-127
Beethoven, Symphony no. 3 in E-flat Major, op. 55, mvt. 4, mm. 95-99
Beethoven, Piano Sonata in C Major, op. 2 no. 3, mvt. 2, mm. 5-8
Haydn, Piano Sonata in e minor, Hob. XVI: 34, mvt. 2, mm. 5-8

Atypical resolutions

Example .mp3 .pdf
Haydn, Symphony no. 90 in C Major, mvt. 1, mm. 204-207
J. S. Bach, Violin Partita no. 2 in d minor, BWV 1004, Chaconne, mm. 1-5
Cherubini, String Quartet no. 5 in F Major, op. posth., mvt. 2, mm. 1-4
Beethoven, Variations on “God Save the King”, WoO 78, mm. 1-6
Chopin, Etude in E Major, op. 10 no. 3, mm. 67-77
Beethoven, Piano Sonata in A-flat Major, op. 110, mvt. 4, mm. 108-117
Schubert, Piano Trio no. 2 in E-flat Major, D. 929, mvt. 3, mm. 30-51
Scriabin, Prelude in e-flat minor, op. 16 no. 4 (entire)

Alongside other $ ^6_4 $ chords

$ \rm{cad.^6_4} $ and passing $ \rm{I^6_4} $

Example .mp3 .pdf
Mozart, Piano Sonata in D Major, K. 311, mvt. 2, mm. 1-8

$ \rm{cad.^6_4} $ and passing $ \rm{V^6_4} $

Example .mp3 .pdf
Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E Major, op. 14 no. 1, mvt. 2, mm. 9-16

Virtuoso figuration and prolongation

Example .mp3 .pdf
Haydn, Piano Sonata in B-flat Major, Hob. XVI: 41, mvt. 1, mm. 36-48
Chopin, Etude in c minor, op. 10 no. 12, mm. 70-77
Dvorak, Violin Concerto in a minor, op. 53, mvt. 3, mm. 766-795
Mendelssohn, Violin Concerto in e minor, op. 64, mvt. 3, mm. 190-222
Grieg, Violin Sonata no. 3 in c minor, op. 45, mvt. 2, mm. 21-46

Embellished with neighboring figures

Example .mp3 .pdf
Mendelssohn, String Quartet in A Major, op. 13, mvt. 1, mm. 1-6
Schumann, “Schlusslied des Narren”, op. 127 no. 5, mm. 1-11
J.S. Bach, English Suite no. 6 in d minor, BWV 811, Sarabande, mm. 17-24 (also see Double)
Schumann, “Kinderwacht”, op. 79 no. 21, mm. 1-3
J. S. Bach, Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach, no. 40, BWV 517, mm. 29-32
J. S. Bach, Partita no. 1 in B-flat Major, BWV 825, Sarabande, mm. 24-28
Mozart, Violin Concerto no. 5 in A Major, K. 219, mvt. 2, mm. 23-29
Schumann, “Lied”, op. 29 no. 2, mm. 43-53

In cadenzas

Example .mp3 .pdf
Haydn, String Quartet in D Major, op. 17 no. 6, mvt. 3, mm. 35-39
Haydn, Piano Sonata in D Major, Hob. XVI: 19, mvt. 2, mm. 106-115
Mozart, Piano Sonata in B-flat Major, K. 333, mvt. 3, mm. 168-175
Mozart, Violin Concerto no. 5 in A Major, K. 219, mvt. 2, mm. 120-128
Beethoven, Piano Concerto no. 4 in G Major, op. 58, mvt. 1, mm. 341-348
Haydn, Piano Sonata in G Major, Hob. XVI: 39, mvt. 2, mm. 39-60
Haydn, Cello Concerto no. 2 in D Major, mvt. 1, mm. 174-182
Vitali, Chaconne in g minor, mm. 195-203
Mozart, Sinfonia Concertante in E-flat Major, K. 364, mvt. 2, mm. 116-143

Inverted $ \rm{V^6_4} $

Apparent $ \rm{I^6} $ with a voice exchange

Inverted $ \rm{cad.^6_4} $ chords occur when one or more of the nonharmonic tones (6 and 4) occur beneath the root of the dominant harmony. The result is an apparent $ \rm{I^6} $ or, less often, root-position I, but one that functions as an unstable $ \rm{cad.^6_4} $ and not as a stable tonic harmony. Numerous factors can suggest the presence of an inverted $ \rm{cad.^6_4} $ chord, such as preceding harmonies with clear predominant function or the employment of a voice exchange between the inverted and traditional positions of the $ \rm{cad.^6_4} $. Composers often use inverted $ \rm{cad.^6_4} $ chords because of voice-leading issues.

For more on inverted $ \rm{cad.^6_4} $ chords see Timothy Cutler, “On Voice Exchanges,” Journal of Music Theory 53, no. 2 (Fall 2009), pp. 191-226.

All inverted $ \rm{cad.^6_4} $ chords are marked with an asterisk or bracket.

Example .mp3 .pdf
Schubert, Violin Sonatina in g minor, D. 408, mvt. 4, mm. 140-149
Mozart, Six Variations on an Allegretto, K. 547b, mm. 1-8
Mozart, Violin Sonata in B-flat Major, K. 378, mvt. 2, mm. 1-8
Brahms, Violin Sonata no. 2 in A Major, op. 100, mvt. 3, mm. 1-12
Mozart, String Quartet in d minor, K. 421, mm. 22-24 (compare with mm. 92-94)
Mozart, Piano Sonata in G Major, K. 283, mvt. 2, mm. 33-37
Mozart, Violin Sonata in B-flat Major, K. 378, mvt. 1, mm. 175-184
Haydn, Piano Sonata in g minor, Hob. XVI: 44, mvt. 1, mm. 17-20
Schumann, Dichterliebe, op. 48 no. 4 (“Wenn ich in deine Augen seh'”), mm. 1-8
Schubert, Die Winterreise, D. 911 no. 2 (“Der Wind spielt mir der Wetterfahne”), mm. 25-34
Mozart, String Quartet in d minor, K. 421, mvt. 1, mm. 36-39 (compare with mm. 106-108)
Mendelssohn, Violin Concerto in e minor, op. 64, mvt. 2, mm. 37-40
Mozart, The Magic Flute, K. 620, Act I, Quintet, mm. 117-124 (voices only)
Haydn, Missa in Angustiis (“Nelson Mass”), Hob. XXII: 11, Et incarnates, mm. 1-8
Brahms, Piano Quartet no. 3 in c minor, op. 60, mvt. 4, mm. 291-295
Mozart, Piano Sonata in a minor, K. 310, mvt. 1, mm. 116-129
Mozart, String Quartet in F Major, K. 168, mvt. 2, mm. 43-47 (compare with mm. 10-13)
Chopin, Etude in e minor, op. 25 no. 5, mm. 53-60
J. S. Bach, Invention no. 4 in d minor, BWV 775, mm. 44-52
Paganini, Caprice in E-flat Major, op. 1 no. 23, mm. 13-16
Tchaikovsky, Piano Trio in a minor, op. 50, mvt. 1, mm. 14-20
Schumann, “Der traurige Jäger”, op. 75 no. 3, mm. 1-8
Mozart, Piano Sonata in B-flat Major, K. 333, mvt. 2, mm. 13-20 (v. e. implied)
Haydn, String Quartet in E Major, op. 2 no. 2, mvt. 2, mm. 17-24 (v. e. implied)
Beethoven, Piano Trio in E-flat Major, op. 1 no. 1, mvt. 2, mm. 13-20 (v. e. implied)
J. S. Bach, Sinfonia no. 9 in f minor, BWV 795, mm. 1-5 (v. e. implied)
Mozart, Horn Concerto in D Major, K. 412, mvt. 1, mm. 22-29 (v. e. implied)

Apparent $ \rm{I^6} $ without a voice exchange

Example .mp3 .pdf
Brahms, Neue Liebeslieder, op. 65 no. 5 (“Wahre, wahre deinen Sohn”), mm. 1-4
Brahms, Zigeunerlieder, op. 103 no. 1 (“He, Zigeuner, griefe in die Saiten ein!”), mm. 81-93
J. S. Bach, Cello Suite no. 3 in C Major, BWV 1009, Courante, mm. 41-56
Brahms, Piano Sonata no. 3 in f minor, op. 5, mvt. 2, mm. 11-18
Brahms, Concerto for Violin and Cello in a minor, op. 102, mvt. 1, mm. 423-428
Brahms, Intermezzo in a minor, op. 76 no. 7, mm. 28-32
Brahms, Waltz in A-flat Major, op. 39 no. 15, mm. 1-8
Schubert, Piano Trio no. 1 in B-flat Major, D. 898, mvt. 3, Trio, mm. 1-16
Brahms, Clarinet Sonata no. 2 in E-flat Major, op. 120 no. 2, mvt. 2, mm. 81-85
Brahms, “Sankt Raphael”, WoO 34 no. 7, mm. 1-6
J. S. Bach (arr. Schumann), Solo Violin Sonata in g minor, BWV 1001, mvt. 4, mm. 79-82
Sibelius, Finlandia, op. 26, mm. 61-74
Mendelssohn, Paulus, op. 36 no. 2, mm. 7-8
Haydn, Piano Sonata in B-flat Major, Hob. XVI: 2, mvt. 1, mm. 125-143
Haydn, Piano Sonata in E-flat Major, Hob. XVI: 45, mvt. 1, mm. 82-85
Haydn, Piano Sonata in b minor, Hob. XVI: 32, mvt. 1, mm. 19-25
Mozart, Symphony no. 21 in A Major, K. 134, mvt. 1, mm. 35-42 (compare with mm. 104-111)
Haydn, Piano Sonata in G Major, Hob. XVI: G1, mvt. 1, mm. 74-80
Haydn, Piano Sonata in D Major, Hob. XVI: 33, mvt. 1, mm. 153-166
Haydn, Piano Sonata in D Major, Hob. XVI: 19, mvt. 1, mm. 91-102
Haydn, String Quartet in d minor, op. 9 no. 4, mvt. 3, mm. 64-70
Brahms, “Meerfahrt”, op. 96 no. 4, mm. 21-25
J. S. Bach, Violin Concerto in a minor, BWV 1041, mvt. 1, mm. 143-146
Beethoven, Piano Concerto no. 3 in c minor, op. 37, mvt. 3, mm. 1-8
Mozart, Violin Sonata in F Major, K. 377, mvt. 2, mm. 57-64
Saint-Saëns, String Quartet no. 1 in e minor, op. 112, mvt. 1, mm. 1-17
Brahms, Symphony no. 4 in e minor, op. 98, mvt. 4, mm. 1-8
Mozart, Sinfonia Concertante in E-flat Major, K. 364, mvt. 2, mm. 120-122
J. S. Bach, The Musical Offering, BWV 1079, mvt. 1, mm. 10-18
Brahms, “Gang zur liebsten”, WoO 38 no. 2 (all)
Brahms, “Der Zimmergesell”, WoO 38 no. 11, mm. 1-4

Apparent root-position I

Example .mp3 .pdf
J. S. Bach, Violin Concerto in a minor, BWV 1041, mvt. 1, mm. 102-105
Schubert, Die Winterreise, D. 911 no. 1 (“Gute Nacht”), mm. 7-11
Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in g minor, op. 8 no. 2 (“Summer”), mvt. 1, mm. 12-30
J. S. Bach, Chorale no. 217 (“Ach Gott, wie manches Herzelied”), mm. 1-8
Mozart, Symphony no. 17 in G Major, K. 129, mvt. 2, mm. 60-67
Beethoven, Piano Concerto no. 4 in G Major, op. 58, mvt. 1, mm. 29-32
Paganini, Caprice in g minor, op. 1 no. 6, mm. 8-11
Paganini, Caprice in A Major, op. 1 no. 21, mm. 3-10 (compare with mm. 19-26)
Paganini, Caprice in c minor, op. 1 no. 4, mm. 11-16