vi and $ \rm{IV^6} $

At openings

Beginning on vi and $ \rm{IV^6} $

Example	.mp3	.pdf
Mahler, Symphony no. 2 in c minor, mvt. 4, mm. 1-2
Schumann, Novellete, op. 21 no. 1, mm. 1-4
Dvorak, String Quartet no. 10 in E-flat Major, op. 51, mvt. 3, mm. 1-5
Brahms, “Junge Lieder I”, op. 63 no. 5, mm. 1-4
Beethoven, String Quartet in e minor, op. 59 no. 2, mvt. 4, mm. 1-10
Schumann, Album for the Young, op. 68 no. 40 (“Nordic Song”), mm. 1-6
Mendelssohn, Violin Concerto in e minor, op. 64, mvt. 3, mm. 1-8
Dvorak, Symphony no. 4 in d minor, op. 13, mvt. 4, mm. 1-8

$ \rm{I-vi-I} $

Example	.mp3	.pdf
Wagner, Lohengrin, Prelude, mm. 5-6
Saint-Saëns, Violin Concerto no. 3 in b minor, op. 61, mm. 151-161
Liszt, Piano Concerto no. 2 in A Major, S. 125, mm. 584-589
Tchaikovsky, Violin Concerto in D Major, op. 35, mvt. 1, mm. 333-339
Brahms, “Der Jäger”, op. 22 no. 4, mm. 1-4
Bruch, Violin Concerto no. 3 in d minor, op. 58, mvt. 2, mm. 114-119
Bruch, Romance in F Major for Viola and Orchestra, op. 85, mm. 110-118
Bruckner, Ave Maria, mm. 1-5
Brahms, Violin Concerto in D Major, op. 77, mvt. 3, mm. 1-8
Dvorak, Symphony no. 1 in c minor, B. 9, mvt. 1, mm. 1-4
Saint-Saëns, Symphony in F Major (“Urbs Roma”), mvt. 3, mm. 1-5
Tchaikovsky, Symphony no. 1 in g minor, op. 13, mvt. 3, mm. 419-425

$ \rm{I-vi-I^6} $

Example	.mp3	.pdf
Schubert, “An die Sonne”, D. 272, mm. 1-4
Corelli, Concerto Grosso in D Major, op. 6 no. 4, mvt. 1, mm. 1-4
Rossini, Il viaggio a Reims, Overture, mm. 1-4
Tchaikovsky, Sleepy Beauty, op. 66, Act III, Marche, mm. 1-6
Mendelssohn, Piano Sonata in B-flat Major, op. 106, mvt. 3, mm. 1-13
Handel, Harpsichord Suite in G Major, HWV 441, Courante, mm. 1-4
Mozart, Symphony no. 36 in C Major, K. 425, mvt. 1, mm. 241-245
Mozart, Symphony in D Major, K. 81/73L, mvt. 1, mm. 95-106
Mendelssohn, Octet in E-flat Major, op. 20, mvt. 1, mm. 271-277
Dvorak, String Quartet no. 7 in a minor, op. 16, mvt. 2, mm. 123-127
Mendelssohn, Psalm 22, op. 78 no. 3, mm. 1-15
Schubert, Impromptu in c minor, D. 899 no. 1, mm. 33-39
Spohr, Violin Concerto no. 8 in a minor, op. 47, mm. 232-235
Mendelssohn, Symphony no. 5, op. 107, mvt. 1, mm. 514-524

As predominants

$ \rm{vi-V^{(7)}} $, etc.

Example	.mp3	.pdf
Dvorak, Piano Trio no. 4 in e minor, op. 90, mvt. 3, mm. 1-4
Saint-Saëns, Symphony no. 3 in c minor, op. 78, mvt. 4, mm. 9-10
Chopin, Scherzo no. 3 in c-sharp minor, op. 39, mm. 152-160
Beethoven, String Quartet in F Major, op. 59 no. 1, mvt 1, mm. 391-400
Tchaikovsky, 1812 Festival Overture, op. 49, mm. 1-20
R. Strauss, Alpensinfonie, op. 64, “Auf dem Gipfel”, mm. 33-42
R. Strauss, Also sprach Zarathustra, op. 30, mm. 13-19
Lvov, Violin Concerto, mvt. 2, mm. 1-4
Brüll, Piano Concerto no. 2 in C Major, op. 24, mvt. 3, mm. 1-8
Brüll, Piano Concerto no. 2 in C Major, op. 24, mvt. 1, mm. 1-4
Dvorak, Polonaise in E-flat Major, B. 100, mm. 1-5
R. Strauss, Violin Sonata in E-flat Major, op. 18, mvt. 1, mm. 1-3
Dvorak, Symphony no. 5 in F Major, op. 76, mvt. 1, mm. 493-505
Brahms, “Weg der Liebe”, op. 20 no. 1, mm. 120-128
Schumann, “Die Löwenbraut”, op. 31 no. 1, mm. 15-19
Rheinberger, Advent-Motetten, op. 176 no. 6 (“Qui sedes”), mm. 1-5
Bruch, Serenade for Violin and Orchestra, op. 75, mvt. 2, mm. 17-19
Schubert, “Der König in Thule”, D. 367, mm. 25-34
Dvorak, String Quartet no. 1 in A Major, op. 2, mvt. 2, mm. 9-15
Rheinberger, Mass in E-flat Major, op. 109, Gloria, mm. 1-6
Schumann, “Blondel’s Lied”, op. 53 no. 1, mm. 1-8
Schumann, Liederkreis, op. 39 no. 4, “Die Stille”, mm. 1-4
Dvorak, String Quartet no. 1 in A Major, op. 2, mvt. 1, mm. 1-3
Chopin, Piano Sonata no. 3 in b minor, op. 58, mvt. 1, mm. 196-202
Schubert, Moment Musical, D. 780 no. 6, mm. 108-111
Grieg, Piano Sonata in e minor, op. 7, mvt. 3, mm. 64-71
Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet Fantasy Overture, mm. 493-497
Brahms, “Die Schnürbrust”, WoO 32 no. 1 (all) (also IV-vi!)

$ \rm{vi-IV,\ vi-ii^6,\ vi-ii,} $ etc.

Example	.mp3	.pdf
Brahms, Cello Sonata no. 2 in F Major, op. 99, mvt. 1, mm. 203-207
Tchaikovsky, Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, op. 41 no. 15, mm. 1-3
Haydn, The Seven Last Words of our Saviour on the Cross, Hob. XX: 1B, mvt. 6, mm. 95-102
Haydn, Symphony no. 75 in D Major, mvt. 2, mm. 1-4
Mozart, Violin Sonata in G Major, K. 379, mvt. 1, mm. 1-4
Mozart, The Marriage of Figaro, K. 492, Act II Scene 2 (“Voi che sapete che cosa è amor”), mm. 62-79
Beethoven, String Quartet in B-flat Major, op. 130, mvt. 4, mm. 1-8
Haydn, Piano Sonata in A-flat Major, Hob. XVI: 43, mvt. 2, mm. 1-5
Lipinski, Violin Concerto no. 2 in D Major, op. 21, mvt. 3, mm. 210-218
Cherubini, Messa Solenne in G Major, Kyrie, mm. 1-7
Schumann, Fantasy, op. 17, Mässig, mm. 1-4
Beethoven, Violin Sonata no. 5 in F Major, op. 24, mvt. 1, mm. 1-10
Brahms, “Dem Schutzengel”, WoO 31 no. 14, mm. 1-4
Schubert, Wandrers Nachtlied, D. 224, mm. 1-4

$ \rm{IV^6-V} $, etc.

Example	.mp3	.pdf
Tchaikovsky, Nutcracker Suite, op. 71a, “Valse des fleurs”, mm. 318-325
Liszt, Grand Etude in f minor, S. 137 no. 10, mm. 236-240
J. S. Bach, Cantata no. 21, BWV 21, mvt. 2, mm. 1-2
J. S. Bach, Keyboard Partita no. 6 in e minor, BWV 830, mvt. 4, mm. 1-4
Locatelli, L’Arte del Violino, op. 3 no. 3, mvt. 2, mm. 138-143
Schumann, Kinderszenen, op. 15 no. 1, mm. 1-8
Mendelssohn, Vespergesang, op. 121 no. 5, mm. 21-24
Grieg, Piano Concerto in a minor, op. 16, mvt. 1, mm. 1-6
Mozart, Così fan tutte, K. 588, Act II no. 24, mm. 1-4

In plagal motions

$ \rm{vi-IV-I} $

Example	.mp3	.pdf
Tallis, Preces (1st set), mm. 1-3 (rhythm on recording differs)
Tallis, “If Ye Love Me”, mm. 1-4
Rheinberger, Der Stern von Bethlehem, op. 164, mvt. 1, mm. 94-102
R. Strauss, Violin Concerto in d minor, op. 8, mvt. 3, mm. 1-8

$ \rm{IV^6-I^6} $

Example	.mp3	.pdf
Dvorak, Cello Concerto in b minor, op. 104, mvt. 2, mm. 1-6
Schubert, “Der Tod und das Mädchen”, D. 531, mm. 22-25
Haydn, String Quartet in E-flat Major, op. 76 no. 6, mvt. 1, mm. 1-8
Mozart, Violin Sonata in E-flat Major, K. 481, mvt. 2, mm. 1-8
Haydn, Cello Concerto no. 2 in D Major, Hob. VIIb: 2, mvt. 2, mm. 1-4
Beethoven, Variations on “God Save the King”, WoO 78, theme, mm. 11-14
Haydn, String Quartet in d minor, op. 76 no. 2, mvt. 2, mm. 1-4
J.S. Bach, Cantata no. 147, Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring (arr. Hess), mm. 1-8
Beethoven, Piano Sonata in G Major, op. 31 no. 1, mvt. 2, mm. 1-9
Brahms, “In stiller Nacht”, WoO 34 no. 8, mm. 1-4
Tchaikovsky, Piano Trio in a minor, op. 50, Variazione Finale e Coda, mm. 1-5
Brahms, Rinaldo, op. 50, Part I, mm. 1140-1144
Beethoven, Piano Sonata in D Major, op. 10 no. 3, mvt. 4, mm. 1-3
Beethoven, Piano Sonata in B-flat Major, op. 106, mvt. 3, mm. 1-5

$ \rm{vi} $ and $ \rm{IV^6} $

Example	.mp3	.pdf
Beethoven, 24 Variations on an Arietta by Righini, WoO 65, mm. 1-4
Saint-Saëns, Oratorio de Noël, op. 12, mvt. 10, mm. 1-12
Brahms, “Schöner Augen schöne Strahlen”, WoO 33 no. 39, mm. 1-4
Gounod, Mass no. 2 in G Major, Kyrie, mm. 1-8
Mendelssohn, Lauda Sion, op. 73, mvt. 3, mm. 1-2
Mozart, Don Giovanni, K. 527, Act II no. 15, mm. 5-11
Beethoven, “Mignon”, op. 75 no. 1, mm. 8-17
Schubert, “Philoktet”, D. 540, mm. 5-11
Schubert, “Der Jüngling und der Tod”, D. 545, mm. 1-4
Haydn, Piano Sonata in D Major, Hob. XVI: 24, mvt. 3, mm. 1-8

$ \rm{vi^{6-5}} $ (apparent $ \rm{IV^6} $)

Example	.mp3	.pdf
Mozart, Così fan tutte, K. 588, Overture, mm. 6-11
Haydn, Piano Sonata in D Major, Hob. XVI: 4, mvt. 2, mm. 1-8
Haydn, Symphony no. 43 in E-flat Major, mvt. 4, mm. 1-10

Deceptive resolutions

With vi, in openings

Example	.mp3	.pdf
Haydn, Missa in Angustiis (“Nelson” Mass), Hob. XXII: 11, Sanctus, mm. 1-5
Mozart, Magic Flute, K. 620, Act II, “March of the Priests”, mm. 1-8
Beethoven, Mass in C Major, op. 86, Benedictus, mm. 1-4
Mozart, Violin Sonata in F Major, K. 377, mvt. 3, mm. 1-10
Beethoven, Piano Concerto no. 3 in c minor, op. 37, mvt. 2, mm. 1-3
Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E-flat Major, op. 81a, mvt. 1, mm. 1-4
Beethoven, “An die Hoffnung”, op. 32, mm. 1-4
Mendelssohn, Song without Words in E-flat Major, op. 30 no. 1, mm. 1-7
Mozart, Clarinet Quintet in A Major, K. 581, mvt. 1, mm. 1-7
Haydn, String Quartet in G Major, op. 76 no. 1, mvt. 2, mm. 1-8
Mozart, Così fan tutte, K. 588, Act II no. 23, mm. 1-4
Mozart, Piano Concerto no. 15 in B-flat Major, K. 450, mvt. 2, mm. 9-12
Schubert, “Pox vobiscum”, D. 551, mm. 1-5
Ippolitov-Ivanov, Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, op. 37 no. 2, mm. 1-2
Brahms, “Wie komm ich den zur Tür herein?”, WoO 33 no. 34, mm. 1-5
Rheinberger, Mass in E-flat Major, op. 109, Sanctus, mm. 1-9
Haydn, Symphony no. 52 in c minor, mvt. 1, mm. 1-10

With vi at closings

Example	.mp3	.pdf
Haydn, Piano Sonata in C Major, Hob. XVI: 21, mvt. 2, mm. 1-6
Mozart, Rondo for Violin and Orchestra in B-flat Major, K. 269, mm. 256-268
Haydn, Piano Sonata in C Major, Hob. XVI:35, mvt. 1, mm. 1-16
Mozart, Clarinet Concerto in A Major, K. 622, mvt. 3, mm. 1-8
Beethoven, Piano Sonata in A Major, op. 101, mvt. 4, mm. 287-298
Haydn, Piano Sonata in G Major, Hob. XVI: 39, mvt. 2, mm. 39-47
Beethoven, “Urians Reise um die Welt”, op. 52 no. 1, mm. 1-8
D. Scarlatti, Keyboard Sonata in f minor, K. 466, mm. 69-76
Chopin, Prelude in b minor, op. 28 no. 6, mm. 15-22
Brahms, “Marias Lob”, op. 22 no. 7, mm. 1-4
Beethoven, Piano Concerto in E-flat Major, op. 73, mvt. 2, mm. 6-13
Haydn, The Creation, Hob. XXI: 2, no. 15, mm. 187-199
Palestrina, Missa Aeterna Christi Munera, Credo, mm. 119-127
Handel, Messiah, HWV 56, Part III no. 43 (“The trumpet shall sound”), mm. 133-140
Schubert, String Quartet no. 11 in E Major, D. 353, mvt. 2, mm. 83-88
Mascagni, Cavalleria Rusticana, Siciliana, mm. 27-33
Haydn, String Quartet in d minor, op. 76 no. 2, mvt. 2, mm. 47-50
Haydn, Symphony no. 13 in D Major, mvt. 3, Trio, mm. 27-42
Schubert, String Quartet no. 7 in D Major, D. 94, mvt. 2, mm. 71-81
Schumann, Symphony no. 1 in B-flat Major, op. 38, mvt. 4, mm. 1-6
Haydn, Piano Sonata in E-flat Major, Hob. XVI: 49, mvt. 2, mm. 99-109
Haydn, Piano Sonata in D Major, Hob. XVI: 24, mvt. 1, mm. 137-143
Bruch, Scottish Fantasy, op. 46, mvt. 4, mm. 191-195
Mozart, The Marriage of Figaro, K. 492, Act IV, Finale, mm. 425-430
Mahler, Symphony no. 2 in c minor, mvt. 4, mm. 23-36
Haydn, The Seven Last Words of our Saviour on the Cross, Hob. XX: 1B, Introduction, mm. 42-44
Grieg, Piano Concerto in a minor, op. 16, mvt. 2, mm. 13-23
Chopin, Piano Concerto no. 1 in e minor, op. 11, mvt. 1, mm. 667-689
Rachmaninoff, “Vocalise”, op. 34 no. 14, mm. 34-39
Handel, Concerto Grosso in b minor, op. 6 no. 12, mvt. 2, mm. 81-85

With $ \rm{IV^6} $

Example	.mp3	.pdf
Handel, Serse, Ombra mai fu, mm. 39-46
Mozart, Symphony no. 8 in D Major, K. 48, mvt. 1, mm. 78-83
Mozart, Ave Verum Corpus, K. 618, mm. 30-38
Bruch, Violin Concerto no. 2 in d minor, op. 44, mvt. 1, mm. 24-30
Grieg, Holberg Suite, op. 40, mvt. 4, mm. 52-56
Beethoven, Triple Concerto in C Major, op. 56, mvt. 1, mm. 1-13
Brahms, Horn Trio in E-flat Major, op. 40, mvt. 1, mm. 29-37
Brahms, Liebeslieder, op. 52 no. 10, “O wie sanft die Quelle sich”, mm. 1-6
Mozart, Mass in c minor, K. 427, mvt. 1, mm. 50-54
Pergolesi, Lo frate ‘nnamorato, Act I, “Passa nino de qua dentro”, mm. 1-3
J. S. Bach, Chorale no. 102 (“Ermuntre dich, mein schwacher Geist”), mm. 17-22
Saint-Saëns, Fugue in E Major, op. 161 no. 5, mm. 120-132

Phrygian half cadences ($ \rm{IV^6-V} $)

Example	.mp3	.pdf
J.S. Bach, Brandenburg Concerto no. 4 in G Major, BWV 1049, mvt. 2, mm. 64-71
Corelli, Concerto Grosso in c minor, op. 6 no. 3, mvt. 1, mm. 20-24, etc.
Corelli, Concerto Grosso in F Major, op. 6 no. 6, mvt. 3, mm. 24-29, etc.
Telemann, Violin Fantasia no. 5 in A Major, mvt. 2 (all)
Handel, Water Music in F Major, HWV 348, mvt. 2, mm. 29-34
Handel, Messiah, HWV 56, Part II no. 27 (“Behold and see”), mm. 10-15
Mendelssohn, Fantasy, op. 16 no. 1, mm. 1-5
Donizetti, Lucia di Lammermoor, Act I, Prelude, mm. 1-4
Schumann, Album for the Young, op. 68 no. 9, Volksliedchen, mm. 1-8
Schumann, Frauenliebe und Leben, op. 42 no. 8, “Nun hast du mir den ersten Schmerz gethan”, mm. 1-4
Joachim, Violin Concerto no. 2 in d minor, op. 11, mvt. 1, mm. 123-126
Goldmark, Violin Concerto no. 1 in a minor, op. 28, mvt. 3, mm. 1-7
Goldmark, Violin Sonata in D Major, op. 25, mvt. 2, mm. 9-16
Bruch, Serenade for Violin and Orchestra, op. 75, mvt. 1, mm. 1-12
Brahms, “Sankt Raphael”, WoO 34 no. 7, mm. 1-6
Brahms, Horn Trio in E-flat Major, op. 40, mvt. 3, mm. 1-4
Tchaikovsky, Dumka, op. 59, mm. 114-122
Grieg, Lyric Piece, op. 38 no. 6 (“Elegie”), mm. 1-5